What Happens To Your Mind When You Meditate? | (1/14/2021 — “Ask Us Anything – LIVE” With Denny K Miu)

Repost from Denny K Miu’s Patreon with my (pre-)show notes below:

As you all know, Josh and I have done a few AUA (Ask Us Anything) sessions.  This Thursday (1/14/2021) we are doing our first AUA Live, in response to a simple but profound question asked by our friend and a new student of our Saturday morning exercise/meditation practice …

What Happens to your Mind when you Meditate?

The two formats (AUA versus AUA Live) are slightly different in that the regular AUA is pre-scheduled for every last Tuesday of the month with a pre-selected topic, whereas the LIVE version is more like ER where a question was asked and we find it necessary to answer ASAP.  The Live format is going to be less formal.

Please accept our invitation to join us this Thursday.  If you want to be in front of the camera, please send us an email [at integratingpresence [AT] protonmail [DOT] com or denny k miu [AT] gmail [DOT] com (without spaces)] so we can send you a link.  Or you can watch and provide live comments with the following:

http://dennykmiu.com/Facebook (this one works 100%) [UPDATE: 1/14/21 11:23am Central Time from Denny: “For some reason, I am not able to do live streaming on Facebook today and all my previous videos and posts that had to do with live streaming are deleted. We will go back to Zoom and live stream with Youtube.”]

http://dennykmiu.com/Youtube (this one works 10% of the time but we will follow up with an upload)

Thanks and we look forward to seeing you on Thursday (1/14/2021) at 10:00 am PST.

Denny & Josh


(Pre)show notes from Josh:

  • I usually feel introducing us — with self-deprecating humor — as “The Dumb and Dumber of Buddhadharma” can only thin the ego down so far getting minimal laughs, but today it seems way more appropriate for two guys attempting to master the human mind in an hour. [Note: I mistakenly say Bodhidharma instead of Buddhadharma in the video]
  • As always, we encourage everybody viewing or listening to use what is presented here as points of reference in their own research and check everything in their own (meditative) experience. What you hear today may even lead astray from better innerstanding the mind.
  • For better or worse, my lack of a Western Philosophical background which most people in the US addressing this topic are well versed in. My interest actually deals more with fringe topics that we won’t go into today other than to say they have potential to expand, give new perspectives and deeper comprehension with the risk of getting lost in the weeds and being unable to relate any insights to alleviate stress and suffering.
  • Define mind and provide distinction between similar terms of brain, attention, mindfulness, awareness, consciousness, thought/thinking, “thoughting” (thoughts happening without knowing why or willing them), and contents of mind/(mental) phenomena
  • Some cultures when asked where the mind is point to chest, others point to the head
  • Thinking seems to either be primarily in language, or primarily in image
  • Thinking exercise: OK, do not think of a pink elephant
  • Awareness exercise: OK, I want you to stop being aware, just cut it out.
  • [recently, from arrowriver.ca, heard definition of] Saṅkhāra as broadly defined as (compounded) formations/fabrications >> more narrowly can be defined as >> mental formations >> and yet more narrowly can be defined as >> volitional formations
  • Insights into Namarupa / Body and Mind 
  • Some say because mind can’t be detected with senses there’s no such thing as mind.
  • Two other potentially relevant science-based sites:
    • heartmath.org — “HMI has developed reliable, scientifically validated tools since 1991 helping people reduce and avoid stress while experiencing increased peace, satisfaction and enjoyment. Research at the HeartMath Institute shows that, adding heart to our daily activities and connections produces measurable benefits to our own and others’ well-being. We are at the dawn of recognizing Love as the new transformational intelligence.”
    • noetic.org — Institute of Noetic Sciences: Inspired by Science, Transformed by Experience. The Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS) is a research center and direct-experience lab specializing in the intersection of science and profound human experience.
  • Relevant dharma quotes:

All experience is preceded by mind,

Led by mind,

Made by mind.

Speak or act with a corrupted mind,

And suffering follows

As the wagon wheel follows the hoof of the ox.

All experience is preceded by mind,

Led by mind, Made by mind.

Speak or act with a peaceful mind,

And happiness follows

Like a never-departing shadow.

(Gil Fronsdal) https://newbuddhist.com/discussion/25283/the-first-lines-of-the-dhammapada

Bhikkhus, whatever a bhikkhu frequently thinks and ponders upon, that will become the inclination of his mind. If he frequently thinks and ponders upon thoughts of sensual desire, … upon thoughts of ill will, … upon thoughts of cruelty, he has abandoned the thought of non-cruelty to cultivate the thought of cruelty, and then his mind inclines to thoughts of cruelty.

Dvedhavitakka Sutta MN19 https://newbuddhist.com/discussion/25577/the-inclination-of-the-mind

The mind’s nature is vivid as a flawless piece of crystal. Intrinsically empty, naturally radiant, ceaselessly responsive.

–Shabkar https://commongroundmeditation.org/reflection/sue-cochranes-four-favorite-dharma-quotes

Perhaps another pertinent point: the three types of people in the world likened to a person with a mind like an open sore, a person with a mind like lightning, and a person with a mind like diamond.


Audio only version — What Happens To Your Mind When You Meditate? | (1/14/2021 — “Ask Us Anything – LIVE” with Denny K Miu)

Or listen via Insight Timer (app or website)


The raw unedited YouTube transcription of this podcast:

good morning good afternoon good evening thank you for coming to our live cast we

have a little bit of i wouldn’t call it difficulty but challenge uh we got so good in

live casting live streaming on facebook but for some reason this morning we couldn’t do it so we’re going back to

live streaming on youtube and then also doing recording but in any case um

good morning josh good seeing you again i’m not supposed to see you for another two weeks but it’s kind of a

nice surprise yes it is and i want to see your head it’s getting

unruly i know yeah what brings us here today well um when when you and i um get started um we we thought that it

would be nice to name this series aua ask us anything but um in reality

we just been asking each other but today we actually have a live

question a live question so it’s a a a friend a friend of yours and a new

friend of mine a student of the saturday practice

asked a very simple question the question is um what happens to your mind when you

meditate and i thought well hey you know that that that’s

really a question for aua and so i i thought you and i can do this

and and in the past we really haven’t live stream uh our our discussion so today we’re

actually live streaming on uh on youtube

um so uh what do you think you have written some notes on this i did and i’ll just kind of

paraphrase some of these and maybe they’ll be in the post later but um you know a lot of times denny or has

in the past introduced us as the the dumb and dumber of bodhidharma you know referencing the uh

the movie and usually i kind of will say you know that’s you know that’s only oh self-deprecating

humor can only get you so far right can only can only take the ego down so far but in this case trying to answer

such a vast huge question as um you know the inner workings of the mind

and what happens to it in meditation i feel it’s a kind of an apt analogy dumb and dumber here but we’re going to

give it a shot anyway why not but but at least we’re not the beavers and butthead well i mean we could try that

too but it’s pretty old real quick but yeah so yeah there’s just kind of a

disclaimer here that you know we we um we encourage everybody that’s that’s viewing or listening to this that uh

these are just points of reference you know this is to do your own research and then more importantly to

um to investigate this for yourself and your own meditation practice um uh of what what you hear today and uh

you know and a lot of people that are interested in this have a a western philosophical background which i don’t have you know um

my interest is actually more in the fringe topics which we’re not going to get into here today you can check my website if you’re

interested in that type of stuff you know other than to say that you know stuff like that can give you

you know maybe a broader perspective new perspectives deeper comprehension but at the risk of you

know getting lost in the weeds and unable to relate any of those insights to alleviate

what’s the most pressing issue here is alleviating stress and suffering right so

so so you and i talked briefly i i wanted to this to be a live show so as as opposed to our other discussion we

we go back and forth on a lot of discussions on beforehand this time i i purposely didn’t didn’t

say very much except to read what you have written um i i think this is a really i

i said it already i think this is a very important question um and what i find it in the reason i find

it so important so profound and why we should have this discussion as opposed to me just answering

uh simply is that there’s so much uh misunderstanding of what a mind is

yes and i think that’s where the definition comes in so yeah and then also we’re going to maybe define some of these similar terms

too right so the ones i have down is we’re obviously going to try to put our definition on mind but we also

have um things like brain attention mindfulness awareness consciousness

thought and thinking and then the contents of mind but also with the thought and thinking i

like this term called thoughting where it’s it’s not necessarily you have control over what thoughts they just

kind of seem to appear without any conscious choice so this term thoughting if i use that that’s

kind of what i mean on that but yeah i i if it’s okay

josh i i thought maybe um i provide some background some background information kind of uh

so we can explore the parameters and and i’ll do it two ways one one way

uh is to compare um how the i’ll use the oriental versus the

occidental of the asian versus the westerners how they use the word mine

okay just compare that because it’s very interesting how how it’s different and then the other one is is really um

talk about mind in terms of our existence like you know in the material

in the in the energy and and so forth uh which which i think is is also very

interesting so so the word mind doesn’t actually exist

in the chinese language what exists is the word heart so when you talk about heart

sutra that’s basically that’s basically the mind except that in in the case of the

chinese literature or the japanese literature for that matter because at least they in initially they translate

everything into um kanji

their work mind in that case means heart is literally the same word that we use their heart

and so obviously it doesn’t mean the heart like the organ okay so it means something else it is

the same word that we also use to describe your mental state

your mental all right um so even though it’s it’s the same

word that we use as the heart it it actually means mental okay now of course you don’t translate

that directly into english we don’t when you say heart you mean you mean exactly what that means so

that’s why you know when you say heart suture you kind of have to that that’s at least

two or three degrees of separation from what we think has suture is which is really about our mind

but in the western literature the mind is closely associated with the brain

right whereas the is the word heart is associated with the state the mental state whether

you’re happy you’re sad and so forth and so that’s more the emotional aspect

of the brain whereas in the mind in in the western culture it has to do with more the analytical

con the part of the brain so that that’s one way to kind of say what is mine right this is yesterday

we had a historical event uh which has to do with uh

impeachment but the last president who was in peach you know had to famous saying that it depends on the

definition of is you’re old enough to remember that right

if you would never remember that and and so here the answer to the question the question is what happens to the mind

when you meditate it has to do with your definition of the mind right so

this is a good time to talk about uh buddhism because two weeks from now we’re going to be talking about qigong and dao yin

and how what is qigong and how is it different from so it’s actually interesting to really

talk about um the three different ways that we would describe our

existence so one way is is that we exist purely on

a physical plane material plane there’s nothing

else you know this is all about our body now interestingly um the way that the western signs

evolved it was actually all about the body

because the most famous scientist is galileo and galileo was the one that by looking

through his microscope he was looking at jupiter and he was coordinating

jupiter and the moon versus the thai and he deduced from that that it wasn’t

that the sun was evolving around the earth it was the earth that was revolving around the sun

and and that there was a problem because the bible was very specific

in how the earth was was was uh created and then god potted water

to create air and then from that you know the sun and the moon were created it’s very specific right so

for him to to say like say that that’s that’s really against the church it was heretical at that time now

absolutely definitely so yeah so so then as a result of that um you know he was he was basically put

on house arrest until he died and so every other scientist that came

along they have to be very careful they have to be very careful i i have a

phd from berkeley one has to ask well what is it about

philosophy that you know because your degree is in philosophy right i have a doctor of philosophy whereas

i’m really engineered so what is that game about well it came about because back in the days when

you if you were a scientist it’s best that you refer that as your philosophy

because you you couldn’t be talking about pursuing the truth because truth belongs to god

right and so what’s interesting from that is that you then all that which is very very important to

understand that because then all the science that derived from that is limited to the body has to

so that’s why the western medicine is about curating sickness curing you know reducing symptoms on

your body it doesn’t talk about anything else and and and we we even invented a word

we call that material material dialect dialectics

right yep okay so so let me stop there and just say okay what if you limited yourself to just the

body so then the word mind in this case means your brain yes

and and even if you would extend that your mind could be just the brain and

all the associate nervous system right so if you if you study physiology and you would say well you

know actually the brain is just one part of our nervous system it actually extends down to our spines to everything

else but but the question is what happens to your mind when you meditate and and if you are limiting yourself

to your your so that your existence is purely physical purely material okay so so i

want to answer that question what happens to your brain in this case i’m going to substitute brain

mind with brain what happens to your brain and your nervous system when you meditate that’s

if we’re limiting all of existence to just physical material right yes and by the way last time we

talked about which by the way i think it’s pretty absurd by the way but uh it has a huge but on the other hand and

this is this is this is this is 98 this is this is essentially 100 of the problem we have

to deal with today i mean this is like we talk about this it’s like someone came into the er he’s bleeding you’re not gonna

worry about you know how his heartbeat is irregular that that we can solve that later let’s stop the bleeding right right and

and in a way we last time in the last episode of aua we talk about um mindfulness

and so we we didn’t really talk about mindfulness as much as we talk about mindfulness

but if this were extension of that talk then i would argue that mindfulness is

all about your body it’s really all about your physical health right oh yeah the

body is i mean the utmost important and if you take buddhist reference you know the whole

the whole universe is within this fathom-long body right and mindfulness of the body you can that’s

all you really need right as well um uh so yes so this is a good important

way and since a lot of the people today are kind of a materialistic

culture and um you know science downplays a lot of things that they can’t study physically so this is

definitely needs to be addressed um and and i’m gonna let denny do that here in a second but the thing is that this has been this

has been addressed a lot you know uh already but i’m still interested in hearing denny’s take on it

as well yeah so so in that case it’s it’s not just meditation it’s it’s everything that we do meditation yoga

exercise tai chi even chanting and and all that one thing that they all

have in common has to do with activating the parasympathetic nerve

right so let me back up a step and talk about in this case when we say mind it’s just the physical part of mind

which has to do with the brain and the rest of the nervous system so one of the most important

nervous system is is called the sympathetic nerve and this is this is probably one of the earliest

development uh in human evolution so we used to live up in the trees where it’s nice and

safe eating only fruits and then one day some guy decided that hey what’s this thing

it’s called the thumb well what can we do with it well you can hold a stick well what happens is when a hoe is stick well

then actually you can defend yourself well then what hap what do i do with that why don’t you have to walk down the tree so one thing

led to another you know we started to descend from the tree and then also we said well wait a minute

there’s a lot a lot of danger down here and also by the way um you know we have to invent the fire

and we have to cook something and so so so so we developed this this nerve system called the parasympathetic

called the sympathetic nerve which um uh active once once it’s activated we’re

in this thing called the the um called the uh what is that called the uh fight or

flight or freeze fight a fight or flight yeah and then i’ve heard spawn too

now yeah when i i heard that it’s called fight or flight so in other words when

you see a tiger or even you know just just a wolf or something and you have to kind of make

up their minds as well do i run from it or do i run towards it right because if you if you run away from it every time you

don’t you don’t get to eat you know so this is not just a a a question of safety this is a question of

of uh survival and also you know if you don’t if you go back to the cave and you don’t bring something home i

mean um the historical wife is not that different than modern day life wife you got to bring something home you

know you got to bring home the bacon right so so our our evolution of a body is such that

the brain activates the rest of the nervous system and it tunes our body

okay so that we’re ready for either fighting or flighting right and so one thing that

happens is that our eyes get dilated so we increase our field of view

our mouth get dry no more slivers a lung kind of expands because we need

more oxygen our entire digestive system is shut down we don’t need anything

anymore right our liver start to excrete fatty acid

triglyceride so that they can eventually get turned into glucose that’s how we then turn into

energy our bladder shut down we don’t need to urinate you know none of our sexual organs are

active anymore you know and so and then the most important part

is that our journey adrenaline and glenn uh uh start to um

dispense uh uh all kinds of hormone the most important one is is

cortisone right and that cortisone is steroid so that pumps a heart i just

keep pumping our heart and then and then the other one there’s two variations of that but together they call adrenaline

okay and that’s that’s how we you know get into this really fight or

flight mode well that’s the thing though this is more of the what and the why we we get that kind of but the exact

minute details of how this happens you know how do these chemicals actually start

this whole process and why aren’t these chemicals doing certain other things you know

so i mean you can get down to the very microscopic level and observe this

process but how they all interrelate and how the the catalyst and the impetus for it

happens and then how it can vary slightly in different bodies than other bodies

and sometimes some people will have you know not the same degree of so response than is like a huge

mystery exactly though exactly that profound level of it is not going

to be answered at least for a very long time except that except that i remember i remember

there was a very famous um couple cycle a scientist husband and wife scientist who

spent their entire life uh studying apes and they they actually maybe yeah yeah very

famous very famous so they actually spent their entire life in africa they they were living within 10 feet away

from the apes but they just so got used to each other that they were able to speak that close to them

and they they actually did an experiment because they were curious about how certain a become the alpha

male okay and then and then and then all of a sudden there’s that

social change again and then somebody else became the alpha male and so they did a study this i remember

this this watching this on on national geographic or something like that where

they actually um of course they have to they have to they have to do something

so that they can extract the blood but eventually they did extract the blood and then so they did so they do the analysis on the blood

and what they find is is is not only that the social hierarchy has to do with

adrenaline but not just adrenaline but the rising

and fading away of the adrenaline so so they come to the conclusion that that the minimum requirement for an aide

to be alpha male is that they have this sufficient special ability

to demand you know so the adrenaline they have this like adrenaline on demand

the rise of the adrenaline is faster than anyone so they are able to do this fight or flight better than anyone

but not only that but then as soon as they’re done their adrenaline can then um diffuse

decrease rapidly so they decided that the adrenaline is something that you

need for your body to do something fast and quick but if you keep that

adrenaline in your body for any length of time it actually degrades your health

okay so so for example i talk about the fatty acid that are discrete excrete from the liver

well guess what that causes cholesterol and adrenaline um

the the if you eat too much salt it affects it affects your inner organ especially

the liver that that and that’s the same that also excretes uh uh adrenaline and then it it causes high

blood pressure that’s why whenever i take my dad to to see the hospital it’s funny you know his his blood

pressure very overplays depending which which doctor some of them are very intimidating and his blood pressure goes

up and then the doctor says well he needs medicine he said he doesn’t look at the list look you know when he’s

over here he’s perfectly fine the white coat syndrome too they call it so yeah yeah

yeah so when they when somebody just is in a white coat and it’s you know it just it gets more so the problem the problem with modern

people is that we don’t know how to um how to how to get out of this

fight-or-flight mode anymore i mean it used to be that in the caveman we would do that for

20 minutes at most and we either run back to the safety of a cave or we could run back with

with our dinner and then and then we we relax but today we can’t we we’re on

24 7 flight of flight now and so if you look at all the exercises including

meditation for example the the the the lotus position whether it’s a full lotus or

half lotus or just you know what they do is they put pressure on your adrenaline gland now you notice

that when you sit full lotus there is no name for that pose but when you sit half a lotus

depending on whether the left is on top or the right is on top it has a different name

do you know that name of the post i didn’t know i didn’t know that what is that denny um i i don’t know how to translate but

one has to do with diamond and then the other one has to do with something else oh that’s right it’s kind of it’s in sanskrit right it’s uh

yeah yoga as well yeah yeah so so so interestingly when you sit full lotus

they don’t bother to give it a name and when you just sit with the feet loosely on the ground they don’t bother

to give it a name but when you sit half lotus it depends on whether the left is on top the right

is on top there’s a name and the reason for that is that is that that’s an asymmetrical sitting

so it puts pressure on one side more than the other so the asymmetry actually has a

different medicinal effect okay fascinating yes yeah so my point is

that this is just a simple example of how meditation and yoga

is really about activating your parasympathetic nerve

which reverses the the fight or flight mode to what we call the the the rest and

digest and it starts with the with the with the adrenaline gland and because

modern people have this problem now that when i see someone and i can tell because they have like this these back

the little dark circles in the eye that’s what we call that adrenaline fatigue the body is full adrenaline all day

right and so when we when we deactivate uh our uh uh adrenal gland then all the other

things happen that’s why one of the things that we do when we sit i always the last when we sit the post

there’s a seven support point the last one is about putting the tongue on the roof because when you sit

you actu when you act when you activate the parasympathetic nerve one of the things happened is that your sliver glands start to

activate and you actually get a lot of slivers in your mouth now the dollars believe that that’s actually very good for your

for your for your digestive system and so when we put the tongue on top then it shut it just

automatically flows into our stomach right and so there’s a lot that we do there’s an

awful lot that we do to to that are very common and it’s all about stress it’s all about reversing that process so

so going back to the original question is that what happens to our mind when we meditate and if you think of the mind as your

nerve system your brain and the rest of the nervous system that’s what it does it kicks it into the parasympathetic the

the rest and digestion yes very very good i mean when we when you first

started off here and talking about talking about kind of the asian view um eastern view

of this um there’s this term in the abi dhamma it’s called chitta right and i think one

of the one of the um definitions is heart mind so they put the heart and the mind

together into one word called heart mind because some people when right when you

ask um maybe easterners asians where they’re where their mind is they’ll point more

to their chest right and in the west people would point to their head where the mind is right right

so you cover both are correct and both are correct right because there’s actually there’s actually uh

neurons in our hearts too right our physical heart organs there’s similar types of uh if i’m

getting this right uh similar types of neural pathways and neurons um that are similar to their

brain neurons that are actually in our heart too so um if i’m getting that right so i want to

make sure that i want to make sure that yeah so we’re just like touching one the tip of the iceberg in terms of

of mine and and this is even when we’re limited only to a physical presence

right because then then you know so this is about the nervous system but what about your mental state

right because we do a lot of uh you know meta well how does the metal work well

the meta is is now when you point it to your heart which is your your your mental state so you you’re trying

to get away from the anchor by enhancing your your compassion aspect

of it so but again this is all about the physical part yes if we just want to address it from a

physical standpoint you know um you can have feedback once we you know in the thing that happens

when we meditate is we do become more and more sensitive to things right more and more sensitive

to feelings and emotions and thoughts we have more distinctions we can

we can have so we can tell for ourselves eventually you know that when we put our mind and energy and

attention on something negative well then it kind of has a negative outcome like um there’s a famous line the suta’s

um you know uh what we what one let me get the let’s see whatever um one

frequently thinks and ponders upon that will become the inclination of the mind

basically meaning you know what you focus on you give energy so if we focus on having good will and positive heart

qualities through meta and then we’re going to experience that more you know even in the moment

and even if um sometimes in meta practice certain things will come up that are the exact opposite of what we’re intending

but the explanation i’ve heard for that is it’s kind of like a purification process so those things come up to move out

and and to be released right yeah yeah well another another example of that is is i

before the pandemic we used to work at the prison and so you find a lot

of volunteers at the prison who who are non non-religious they’re not buddhists they’re not christians

they’re not you know but yet there’s very attached they like working as a volunteer that’s a that’s a meditation

too that when you when you at that momentary you put someone else’s need

in front of your need and that that actually is a relief right that actually is also yeah exactly

okay so so so then the question is well what’s beyond um material and so now i gotta

kind of beyond material is energy

now now all kinds of people talk about our existence being uh combined

energy and and uh and and uh uh uh physical now i’m not

talking about energy like when you rub your hands together generate heat and i’ll talk about that i’m talking about something a little

beyond that and so i think from the scientist standpoint um

one of the things that that and now tell me if i’m going too far but we talk

about scientists and so we talk about galileo who

discovered through his microscope that perhaps it was the sun revolving around it was

the moon it was the earth that we want around the sun and not the area around so a scientist who

who came immediately after that is newton who basically want to come up with a set

of math to describe what galileo has done and he in fact had to

reinvent he had to invent calculus to do that but in any case he he’s the one that everybody knows him he’s the one that uh

back in the days when there was another pandemic and he had to uh basically

uh shelter in place so he was in his his home sitting behind under the tree this is all folklore but anyway

the part about pandemic is is true so he said under the the tree and the apple fall on his head

and so from that he deduced that there’s gravity so gravity became a force it was a force

not only between us and the earth but between all the planetary objects and so from that he was able to kind of

mathematically demonstrate how the planets can evolve around each other

another scientist that came along is einstein and einstein has his own way but at the

the bottom line is that he is the one that says no no no gravity is not a force

now because he he this is his conclusion but he didn’t he didn’t he actually wasn’t his

objective wasn’t to prove or disprove what newton did his objective has something else the objective was

that all the science that was before him had made an

important assumption which is time is absolute

so your time in my time has to be the same and einstein says well there’s no reason

for that that just that’s just how we agreed on but there’s no reason for that and so what he decided

was that the only thing absolute in this universe is the speed of light which i’ve heard i

don’t need we don’t even get an argument here but i’ve even heard or seen some data before and now i could be wrong on this

where that it changes minutely too that it’s not the same exact thing all the time

and then maybe you can explain this to me but there and then nobody’s ever been able to answer the question what is the

speed of time so you know so then um yeah but but what’s important is special

relativity yeah one real quick point is that we don’t hear about newton’s alchemical

work but you can go online and find all this all his journal or a lot of his journal stuff and work on alchemy

but for some reason that hasn’t really been you know uh publicized but i just thought i’d throw

that yeah but the important conclusion from that is that once you shift your assumption and instead of saying

that time is absolute and you say that the speed of light is absolute then time becomes

relative that’s the term relativity comes from is that your time in my time could be

different right but what about the observation of light though if if our if our time um varies how can

light stay c constant then because if there’s difference in the time wouldn’t there also be

difference i think i think i think one has to understand how how science work which is that um you’re always correct

at the moment that you say something and then you’re always incorrect once you said it

so you have to make the assumption that okay so einstein says that time you know speed of light is

absolutely let’s just go with that for a while until somebody else came along and says that no that’s not true for the same reason that you know up

until then everybody says that time was absolute until that you know but the important part and this one i want to

bring back to our our our existence the important conclusion from that is that time is

relative in other words it might be that your time in my time you being saint louis and me being in san francisco are

close enough that it’s hard to distinguish but if you were on the moon or if you were on a different planet or

if you were somewhere else then your time has is not the same as my time or how fast you’re moving through space

as well right correct so so what that what then then what what einstein says is that then gravity is

a for it’s a it’s it’s nature’s way of wanting to stay alive that’s really

weird because this is amazing it says that what if what if what if josh is now in a part of the

universe where one day of your life is two day of mine which means that i’m

going to die sooner twice as well relatively speaking right really yeah relative to you right

so so then the gravity is such that i’m drawn to where you are that’s gravity that’s

amazing now now what’s interesting then is that um so so then if you pr if you say

let’s take the universe and and let’s just kind of map it in terms of time

so then you have a place in uh in the universe where time is regular like you and i

then that means that there will be regions in space where time is faster and then there will be

regions in space where time is slower it turns out that as you move towards

what is called the black hole your time slows down okay

now there’s a very famous movie called the interstellar which was uh written and and uh

and and produced by a very famous scientist from caltech and he was there he and stephen hawkins was there when

when i was actually a visiting scholar so i used to see them every day at the at the because they you

know they’re very famous they have a table we have a table we don’t mix but he was very famous and and he

actually got a uh a nobel prize recently for for predicting gravitational wave but in any

case he he made this movie and and and i’m not going to go through the movie we don’t have enough time but

but the point is that there’s a there’s a planet called planet miller and the astronauts has to descend

into the planet and they were just gonna go be there for a couple minutes and leave

and then they they got stuck there and they were there for um for i think like a few hours and then

when they returned to the space vehicle their their colleague

who was a young man when he when they left had became a a older person because

turns out that every day on the planet miller is seven years

okay now this is all based on relativity this is you know as good as science can predict it right now

what’s interesting is that the buddhists believe the same thing the

sutra actually talks about us being in what is called the comma

realm the the realm of desire and then within that realm we have the

human ram and then then we have the diva ram and the diva ram

the first layer every day is 50 years the next one every day is 250 and so forth so on

until you reach outside of that ram of desire and you got into the realm

of the form and then you get out and now you’re in the realm of the

formulas so we talk about the three ramps and we talk about the six um samsara right

so this is all the buddhist teaching and what i’m saying is that is that in order

to accept that kind of thinking you have to accept that our presence is more than just the material because

the material is only when you are in the realm of the desire

and we cannot escape the realm of desire because we are so attached to our physical existence

that’s what we call the samsara and you can get you know approximating

what denny’s talking about is through you know very microscopic observations through like an electron microscope are

things they do in particle colliders we don’t have the just because we can’t sense it with our physical

um sense bases doesn’t mean that it’s maybe not there as we can see it

observed with certain types of technology so if we push that even further

you know i mean given that continuum could it be possible that there are

there are things happening that we just can’t physically detect and by definition you can by definition you can’t because

because when we talk about the the six sensors on on on on our physical existence the

sixth sense door the sixth sense roots this is the eye the nose the tongue

the ear the body and the mind which is the brain the poly word for that is set indra

set is six indra is the the the diva that is

on the second layer of the realm of desire in other words

we can’t go beyond that for us to to to really understand what’s behind

it’s beyond our capability it’s not only beyond our eye we can’t see if it’s ultraviolet

or or x-ray or whatever we can’t smell it we can’t taste it we can’t hear it it’s we can’t touch it we can’t even

think it well even some of the um you know some of the yogi’s and and stuff that have

who have claimed to um gone into and experience those realms

with inner vision or whatever and they come back and they report that it’s still they’re not there they’re

still in a physical body right so even if that’s possible and they do experience it somehow with an extra sense or whatever

inner sense or the mind sense they still have to come back to this physical body this physical existence right so i’m

going to say one real quick thing about gravity it’s basically a phenomenon that we call gravity

but we actually have really no idea how it works right uh there’s a lot of theories well the

gravity is it’s ultimately the gravity is like the mind we don’t ever see gravity just like we

don’t ever see the mind we see the effect of gravity just like we see the effect of the mind we see how the mind

inference our body and how our body influence the mind but we don’t actually see the mind it’s beyond us right

with the time that we have i want to make sure that we understand i’m bringing in the possibility that our

existence is not just a material but that there’s energy now all the religions talk about that

okay towers basically are talking about how to practice so that when we incarnate

will come back into a higher realm the yogis talk about that right the

yogis talk about that all the way up to the you know the different layers so so when we talk about the realm of desire the

next one is the realm of the form the the the parameter form has these four layers

which are the the layers of the chan the jhana and then beyond that is the form

it’s a it’s a realm of the no form the a rupa right immaterial realm yeah i

i just want to bring back the idea that there is energy in us that are beyond our physical

existence now again you can ex you can describe that you can say well

what does that mean well what does it mean that there’s energy in us right so the towers they actually believe that that the

co-equal which which explains why the dao has this symbol

the taiji symbol one black and one one white that actually is the body and the mind

it’s just that in that case the mind is the energy and they believe that for a person to be

healthy quote unquote it’s not just the body has to be healthy in that he has to maintain

balance in his chi and we don’t want to give too much away here denny they’re

the audience is going to have to tune in to the regular show to get your full teaching on the the chi right so this this i’m kind

of this is a draft it’s okay it’s okay so so so what is chi

so so again you can you can try to kind of understand that you know with a limitation you can say

well where does that energy come from so you can say well actually in a way uh it’s what someone would call a bio

electromagnetic energy bio electromagnetic energy because it’s

easy to understand electrical electrical energy right so our blood is conductive so if you talk about the heart pumping the blood

through our vessels it generates electrical field our nerve system is always electrical

or muscles are electrical that’s why when you when you have a cramp you drink you know you drink electrolyte right

uh or everything electro electrical it turns out that your bones are electrical because your bones

are actually piezoelectric so when you when you when you bend your bone or you you you

you you stretch your your tendon it actually generates electricity so so the our entire body generate electrical

signals electromagnetic though as well right and that’s right so but if you have electrical you must have

magnetic yes now this is the part that the modern science hasn’t crossed this is a threshold that they haven’t

crossed because they’re so conditioned by the church back in the days of of

of galileo that they’re not able to go beyond just the physical existence that they’re not able to go beyond just

the electrical presence of a body right now the chinese i’m good they

didn’t they didn’t have that that that that that constraint so they long ago they understood that there is a

electromagnetic field not only that the electromagnetic field is tightly tied to our biology so so

for example one explanation for the dante so the don tan is is is is the dao is

believed that is is the bank it’s the storage for all your qi right that’s why we do a lot of exercise on the

dante is that part of the stomach that is slightly below the belly button well if you look at it from a purely

physiological point of view thinking of it as electromagnetic energy your intestines both your small

intestines and your big intestines your bowel if you stretch it out

there are six times the height of the person they all kind of that’s a lot of surface

area that’s a lot of surface area well what did you get when you when you have surface area like that you get a

capacitor so the bowel the small intestines in the

bowel is actually a way of storing your biot energy well yeah and then people talk about

water memory dr emoto his work on water memory people can look that up as well but then

there’s also you know um there’s and we haven’t even touched on radiation energy or vibrational energy and those are the

energies that can be experienced too um piezoelectric um just about all of

our electronic devices have a little have little quartz crystals and that piezoelectric works to

if i’m getting this right can convert can convert frequency into energy and then vice versa as well so

you look at a transistor radio um back way back when where there’s just a little crystal in there and not much

power no battery but it could still pick up a signal and and you can hear the radio on it right so um and then the other

thing is um for energy on a physical level just look at a p a piece of firewood

right well it’s not doing anything there but once it gets a catalyst where does that where does that energy

come from all the heat that it puts out right well i guess it would come from the sun right and it would store it from the sun

and but then when it gets ignited it would give off all that energy but you wouldn’t really notice that energy

potential energy is there until it starts burning right so so again going back to the question

which is a very profound one which is what happened to your mind when you meditate we’re now entertaining

the idea that your mind is just not your physical brain but it’s your physical being combined with your chi

so it’s really going back to that tai chi symbol that that the yin and yang symbol now of

of really maintaining and or finding a balance between your physical presence or and your chi

your energetic presence so if you look at the exercise that we do on saturday

it’s really a progression of that it’s really using your body to discover your chi we do this padding

of the energy points um by the way the the the chinese the

taoist believe that there’s three okay so so just very quickly two minutes um so the taoists believe that there is

there’s 12 energy lines there’s actually 20 but there’s 12 energy lines six of them

originated with your fingers and six of them originated with your toes and all 12 of them combined are the

energy field that ties to your each of the uh of the vital organ

so this is the lung this is the heart this is what’s called the pericardial

system which is the membrane around your heart so there’s three and then there’s

another three more that has to do with your small intestines and and your large intestines and then there’s one that has to do with

really the regulator of everything that is in your upper torso and then

then six more that has to start either originate or or or end up in your in your

in your toes that has to do with your splint your liver your bladder and so forth so

those are the 12 energy lines and then there’s eight more two of them one is in front and one’s in the back

and so if you look at all the exercises we do they’re really to that’s where the word tao yin comes from

is thou is to instruct

yen is to enticed it’s the same word that we use for threading the needle

thread the needle imagine when you thread the needle they already exist you’re not creating the needle and

you’re not creating a thread all you’re doing is you’re guiding them so that the thread goes through the eye of the

needle and so daoian we’ll talk about next time it means exactly that

is that is that we’re we’re we’re enticing the energy field that is in your body already

but because you don’t know how to use your mind you don’t know how to create this this

um uh uh synchronized and synergetic

left and right yin and yang that the energy sort of just dissipates right so so to answer the question right now

yeah or black or because your health right because your health you you have uh uh well then then you talk about is

it the cause of the or the or the of the result is it because yeah the the chi was black and therefore you have

problems or is it because you have physical problem and then it’s blocking your cheek either way it doesn’t matter it’s yin and yam yeah okay so very quickly

ten more minutes um so what we did is we we we answer the question which is what happens to

your mind when you meditate the first part was if we limit ourselves to just the physical mind which is the

brain and the in the neurological system then we answer the question is that what if

we expense it like the taoist would expand it to include not only our physical presence

but our energy presence right which is consistent with einstein’s relativity in that

there’s different time in our universe and so there are space where your body can you

know limit to your body and then there’s when you’re living in a pure energy form then the question is is what

what else is there something else what how does buddhist teaching fits in

well the the abidama i mean goes i haven’t really studied much of it but it goes into great detail on the

human psychology which deals with the mind right so um i mean that’s just so so

so i will bring in another scientist so we talk about galileo newton einstein

so i’ll bring in another one stephen hawkins and then i’ve got to bring in one two

later maybe rupert sheldrake about more foot genetic fields

so what was what was uh what was uh stephen hawkins did not get a nobel prize because you

number one you cannot get a nobel prize once you die

and you cannot get a nobel prize if your theory has not been proven while you’re alive so you didn’t get a hitting yet so so he

he was very famous for many things he did a lot of work with the black hole

but one of the more famous is is what’s called the hawkins radiation and the reason for that

is is there’s something called the information paradox which is what happens to information when

material enters into the black hole and what is information uh so they talk a little bit about

quantum information that is what’s the difference between an orange and an apple

right what’s the difference between how so because ultimately they’re the same because they consist of the same

particle inside a particle they’re the same because they have the same you know nucleus and the same electron

so so what is it that makes them one is an orange and one is an apple so there’s something called the quantum

information which is very complicated but in this implicit form it could be charge mass and spin something like that

right so the idea is that is that beyond the physical existence and beyond this

energy the qi existence which is scientists doesn’t really has has hasn’t really got around to that

but they propose that there is something else which is information so so there is something called the conservation of information

so there is what if george and i are both astronauts and we fly very

close to the black hole we enter the black hole we’re totally disintegrated we become

basic elements so that we’re we’re not distinguished from one another anymore

is there a way to reconstruct and what is it what what’s left so this is like the

cosmic dna the information is that the cosmic dna the idea is that it might be very difficult to get to but

if you can get to it and you can find the the the the the ways to reconstruct then

what’s called the quantum information would be what you need to reconstruct danny and and josh

and the idea that this this this quantum information is conserved it’s a

information theory right and then yeah there’s no way to destroy that it doesn’t get

destroyed now quantum entanglement that’s the kind of thing yeah that’s

that’s that’s buddha nature’s and that’s what we talk about is is that’s really what it is because

if you really understand the buddhist teaching they don’t talk about the qi that much

they talk about our our body our six sensors uh body a four or four uh

four elements the the earth the wind the fire and the water then they jump

from there they jump into the mind and in this case the mind is not to cheat

the mind is pure information because the mind is the seven consciousness and the

eighth consciousness the eight consciousness is the storage of the data

it this maybe this would be a good time to read the first uh half line of the first two lines of the

dhammapada uh this translation by gil fronsdell that i like all experience

is preceded by mind led by mind made by mind so i’ll just that’s

the first half of the first one yeah so yeah so this is very interesting this is very interesting so so so the the actual buddhist

teaching is really about something that is not material

something that is not energy it’s pure data it’s pure information that’s why you

know when we when we talk about uh the the taoist and the taoist started with lao ji

who’s who’s uh who is a scholar uh around the time of confucius which is within a hundred years of of

the birth of buddha birth and death of buddha and he wrote this very famous book called the

d you remember that and the first two um verse something

goes like if you can name it it’s not the real name and yeah so so everyone is trying to decipher

that that’s right we’re talking about quant if we’re we’re trying to quantify mind we talk about information that’s

kind of my my answer is that they’re in a different realm now there’s another saying here by

shabkar that i’d like to read um that there okay i’ll just read it

the mind’s nature is vivid as a flawless piece of crystal intrinsically

empty naturally radiant ceases ceaselessly responsive

i’ll read it real quick again the mind’s nature is vivid as a flawless piece of crystal intrinsically empty

naturally radiant ceases ceaselessly is responsive so when we’re trying to give language to

something like that and we can’t really well it really fails but we can’t we can point at it like

yeah this is this is this is like the famous uh uh story about how buddha is pointing to

the moon and everybody’s focused on the finger because what buddha is saying is that here’s the moon is for you to experience

so the mind in this case which is beyond a body and a chi

is not something that we can actually talk about it’s something that we have to experience

very important point denny and going back to the quantum physics and the physics stuff

as well i just i put this to you because i don’t think i’ve got a really decent answer or explanation is how do you double blind

test for the observer effect

so we don’t have to answer that now so it’s like okay so you know the observer if what you observe you actually change when you measure it right or you

know things don’t happen when you but how do you how do you know that’s the case if you can’t double blind test

for that right well how do how do you how do you talk about the church the temples in japan by just looking at

the tourist book right yes it’s like yeah you can talk about riding a bicycle

you can talk about everything you want to talk about but it’s not it needs to be back so so i had this i had this this

morning i woke up and i said well i i this this this this very i really are looking forward to this discussions

and and i knew i was going to talk about mine and i knew i was going to talk about mind when it’s pure information you know

when it’s just consciousness when it’s not chi when it’s not body and i came up with this revelation so when i was 11

years old i i grew up in macau very small island off on one side of the

pearl river delta and then when i was 11 years old i actually went to hong kong to live with

my uncle and and he has a factory so they works

i think six days and then on the seven on sunday then everybody takes a day off and so then

i’ll get together with all the all the young people that are in the factory

and one day we decided that we want to take the train

to a village somewhere which now is like the center of town and this is really amazing this is 50 years ago

so i remember standing at the platform and i see this train comes along and of course once the train

comes you can’t see the other side of the platform it blocks your view

as i was thinking about it this morning i said you know actually i remember i was able to see the other

side i remember that well that i was able to see

the other platform and all i have to do

was not focus on the train oh this is really profound so i remember

as a kid 11 years old i was standing on the platform i was looking over and all of a sudden the train comes along and blocks my view

i can’t see the other platform then i said well i’m focusing on the wrong thing because i’m focusing on the train

but what if i continue to focus on the platform i can actually see it because i can see

between the train so so that’s that’s master’s teaching

that in the end because master if he wants to talk about the body as the mind

he could have done it right because he he he learned eu jinjin when he was five years old and then he was learning

you know all the internal energy all the all the other stuff that we know about i mean he was he was uh he

was uh he was a a a shaolin martial artist he was a a

uh a tai chi martial artist he was actually a a fighter on stage i mean if you want to

talk about body he knows everything there is no noble body if you want to know about chi he knows everything there is no about she

but yet he choose not to teach mind in terms of the physical presence

and the chi presence he he wants to do something else right so he wants to talk about mind as

in our consciousness as in our comma versus our attachment and all

that how do you see that you don’t focus on the train focus on

the gap between the train when we look at we have to get to a point where you

understand that you’re not you’re not your breath

your body is capable of breathing all on its own

so you got to get to that point this is the last part of our daily exercise is you got to get to the last part where

you’re just observing your breath lowering the rising

and the feeling away and start to discover that there is space between the breath

and so the breath becomes an external event you’re just there looking at something that is happening in your body

and you’re observing and your focus is actually on the space as if you’re

looking through the train that’s um you know to focus on instead

of focusing on objects in the room you focus on the the space right and

um i’ve heard somebody say well that actually can increase the amount of light that

in your presence but i mean yeah if i had to explain that it would just be because well light moves through space right so in

the last part after we do jinjing after we do jinjing which is which is really the the trinity okay we’re bringing the the

body and the chi and the mind together and then now we sit down for the last 10 minutes

we understand that there’s a body we’re freeing we that’s why the word

emancipate is important is that we’re emancipating a cell from our body

we’re using the qi to support the body okay we’re looking at the breathing

and then we’re letting go of the breathing and in between the breathing is where we find the mind

and mastering are emancipating ourselves from the body by fully understanding and

the body right so yeah and knowing and knowing and and knowing the body and then freeing

ourselves from it but in a way it is a way so to speak right i guess i have a couple easter eggs here

yeah um then i’ve gotten my notes so there’s a couple of thinking exercises

uh how you know this has to deal with mind if you tell somebody okay don’t think of

a pink elephant just as hard as you can do not think of a pink elephant what happens

well that’s all you think about most people think about a pink elephant right so that’s yeah no white people you’re not gonna you’re not gonna think about blue

elephant right yeah that’s what they they the mind doesn’t really know negatives as much either so

instead of i want to stop this or don’t do that kind of focus on the actual positive result or the the

focus on what you want to actually achieve instead of what you don’t want to achieve right because the mind has a hard time more um

focusing on the negation of something it just focuses on what you’re talking about right not the

absence of something so now we’re getting a little bit more specific in terms of the technique so the technique that in in summary the

technique is called resting your mind it’s it’s resting your analytical part of your mind

is some people call it not thinking thinking by not thinking right so but that’s a little bit more

subtle but the idea that in in master’s teaching is is is really

one of the biggest shift in my study because i i study meditation before i met uh master and i used to

focus on my nostril and one of the things i need to do is start to focus on my abdomen

away from my brain away from that and and to understand that the difference between contact

and feeling that’s a big one right there yeah so so so this is the part where when you

observe your breath you’re really focusing on just the contact so as the as the breath comes

it’s like the wave that’s why i use the waves analogy that that this is like you’re looking

you this is going back to my childhood i was i was probably like five years old i walked along the

the the shore with my dad and this isn’t something else i talk about i

said uh i i just remember that back in the days when i was five years old my

dad would have a a a bicycle i would ride on the back of the bicycle we get to the

to the part where the sea is but there’s a stone wall the stone wall

is taller than me so there’s no way for me to see the ocean so he put me on top of the stone

wall he holds my hand so so this is one of the trick is that if you wanted to to see your own breathing and not be

part of it you really have to like elevate yourself so that you’re looking down

so you have to practice so that as i breathe in i shift the focus up and then i look down and i see that

my stomach is breathing and you have to you have to maintain that distance it’s like me

as a child walking a little further you know standing up and looking down you have to do that

you have to kind of divorce yourself from your breath see i’m do this i’m going to have to try this dude because i’m more of a visceral

person more of a kind of a energetically sensitive i haven’t really talked about that so my experience is more uh a feeling so

this is when when uh shifu put this the the contact you know focusing more on the contact and the

feeling that that was really profound for me because uh most people can connect more with the feeling especially people that

are more identified with emotions but yeah um the other thing real quick i

want to there’s an awareness sex and we haven’t even talked about awareness uh hardly at all you know we talked a little bit about consciousness but

there’s uh well i think i think again i think it’s important to accept the idea that awareness comes in different layers too

and so what we’re talking about is really the basic part of awareness which is really

spatial and temporal aware of where you are and aware of now

and not it might drift away and think about what has gone past you and what is not about what is

what hasn’t happened so this is about now and here this is a human that is awareness yeah you know the

consciousness thing that neuroscience is finally starting to catch up to some of the buddhist teachings i feel um but you

know is is awareness dependent on a human being you know is awareness localized um you know and

then how do you know so this is a really quick awareness exercise okay everybody i want you to

stop being aware right now just stop cut it out just

you know turn off there is there is a danger in really elevating your awareness

um the reason for this is this and this is i know we’re over time but i think it’s worth repeating

we’re worth talking about so master talks about how one time he and the rest of the sangha uh made an

annual uh trip outside of the the temple one day this time they choose

to go to yellowstone park and so they visited this one town

where the only attraction was it was a jail it was a jail that came from the gold

rush days and was famous the jail was famous for

uh people leaving either if they if they if they get someone and they decide not

to hang him but rather put them in jail then there’s only two ways that he will come out one is that they become insane and the other

one is that they’re dead and so master said well i have to try this i have to go take a look at what

this is all about so he went in there and realized that it turns out that the jail was completely pitch dark

so then he sat there and he said he realized that when we talk about the six senses

we often forget about the brain as being one of the physical sense and so when you deprive yourself of the

other sensors you have to make up for the difference that’s why people sleepwalk

or they hallucinate or they have daydream and so what are the danger and this

happens a lot i see it happens a lot is that um people meditate

without understanding that that the brain is one of the sensors so they focus on the five sensors and

when you get to a point where you actually are able to reduce your sensation from the five

sensors your brain becomes very excited becomes very excited i i know that because

um this is especially a problem for people who normally would think too much anyway

yes and so i i mean i i i loved that i loved that that my

brain all of a sudden was able to do math you know very difficult math

i i just love that so but problem is that if you this is like this is like a a very

dangerous cliff that you can do yes and because you’re you’re you become you this is you this

is the beginning of a lot of psychological problems it can be and there’s actually even dark

retreats so there’s dark retreat centers where i don’t know if anybody’s looked into this where

you can go and you get in there in the room and you find you feel your way around so you can

be in the dark for a while uh so you know where the bathroom is and your bunk is but then they shut the door and they

give you your meals even in darkness so yeah this is you would have this is deprivation right this is like a

deprivation chamber yeah this this can be very dangerous it can be very dangerous so you would have to get advice from a reputable teacher

before even considering that the thing is what i so the things that help with this

i feel are the heart qualities the heart qualities also balance these out yeah and then also anything we can do to

ground and center ourselves right having actually connection with the earth physical

contact physically rooted in the earth and also centered in our mind as well

right yeah so so the the the other side of the same question which is the question is what do you

what happens to your mind when you meditate the other side of the question is that

is that what do you do with your mind when you meditate and i want to make sure that i make sure

i’ll make sure that when you meditate you’re 100 engaged your mind is 100 engaged in fact

we go as far as saying that if you’re tired don’t meditate because you don’t have the mental

strength to meditate when you meditate your mind is 100 engaged but it’s an engage in a

different level it’s engaged in the spatial and temporal awareness level as

opposed to the analytical and uh and the emotional level right so so when we’re meeting we’re we’re

completely engaged and that’s why it helps to have an anchor like the breath right because

yeah yeah both the physical and and the mental you know it puts them together and actually has

you know an anchoring okay well josh i think we did what we were supposed to do today yes we solved all

the world’s problems with mine we did that’s the reason why facebook deleted all my video

and shut me off from the live stream because they were just too dangerous

okay well with that i’ll see you saturday okay thank you thanks

Published by josh dippold

IntegratingPresence.com

One thought on “What Happens To Your Mind When You Meditate? | (1/14/2021 — “Ask Us Anything – LIVE” With Denny K Miu)

Leave a comment